Reducing Construction Activity Emissions
During project construction. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC will implement a series of measures designed to minimize the generation of emissions from construction equipment and fugitive dust. These measures include:

• An on-site construction equipment staging area and construction worker parking lot will be located on either paved surfaces or unpaved surfaces subjected to soil stabilization treatments. The staging areas and worker parking lot would be located as close as possible to a public highway. Access to public roadways will be controlled in order to minimize project construction impacts to roadway traffic operations.
• Non-vehicular equipment engines will be maintained according to manufacturer specifications to minimize the volume of exhaust emissions.
• Electricity from power poles will be used where available in lieu of temporary diesel or gasoline powered generators.
• On-site mobile equipment will be powered by alternative fuel sources whenever possible (i.e., methanol, natural gas, propane or butane).
• Construction roads will be paved whenever possible.
• Construction equipment will be inspected and loose dirt will be washed off with wheel washers, as necessary, prior to leaving the site.
• Ridesharing or shuttle service programs will be provided for construction workers.

Reducing Operational Activity Emissions
Operational activities will predominantly consist of tanker operations and tank farm operations.

Reducing Tanker Emissions
Tanker emissions are a given occurrence in Port complexes. Southern Californians need gasoline to drive their vehicles. Crude oil is needed to refine gasoline. Marine tankers are needed to bring crude oil to the region from distant sources. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC’s objective is to operate a facility that minimizes the emissions during the transport of this vital resource. Achieving this objective is best measured by evaluating the emissions needed to deliver a barrel of oil to the Port complexs or “pounds of emissions per barrel.” The reduction measures described below all seek to drive this critical measure to the lowest value possible.

Reductions in tanker emissions can be achieved in two ways: by directly reducing the emissions from each vessel and by operating the facility efficiently to minimize the number and duration of tanker visits to the facility. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC is committed to using each of these methods to reduce the impact of the Pier 400, Berth 408 Project. The end result of implementing the measures described is a facility that will unload crude oil with the lowest “ emissions per barrel” of crude oil offloaded.

Reducing emissions from each vessel calling at Berth 408
The modes of tanker operations are used here to summarize the array of measures Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC will use to reduce emissions from each vessel.

• Propulsion Emissions - The voluntary speed reduction program (VSRP) for vessels entering the Port requests that vessels coming into the Port reduce their speed to 12 knots at 20 miles from the San Pedro breakwater. This program has been in effect at the Port since 2002. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC will extend the speed reduction distance for their Pier 400 customers from the current 20 miles to the California Coastal Waters (approximately 40 miles) and will also eliminate the voluntary aspect of the Port program, thus creating a mandatory speed reduction zone requiring compliance by all tankers coming to Pier 400 - Berth 408. Also, Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC will require vessels coming to Pier 400 - Berth 408 to shift from HFO fuel to cleaner burning, low sulfur MDO fuel for the main engines when entering the coastal waters.
• Hoteling/Auxiliary Operations - Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC will require crude oil tankers coming to Pier 400 - Berth 408 to shift to cleaner burning marine distillate fuel for auxiliary generators and boilers when entering the coastal waters. This requirement will result in the tanker burning a cleaner, low-sulfur distillate fuel in its auxiliary generators and boilers while cruising and maneuvering in coastal waters and while at berth. Also, The Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC Pier 400, Berth 408 Project will operate a dock fueling system that will allow low-sulfur distillate fuel to be loaded on to the vessel and be used by a vessel’s auxiliary generators and boilers while tied up at the berth. This fuel would be mixed into the vessel’s distillate tank, resulting in an approximate sulfur content of 0.2%. Upon departure from the berth, the vessel would use this distillate or 0.2% sulfur fuel in the auxiliary generators until departing the coastal waters. Additionally, Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC plans to design and incorporate necessary components to make Alternative Maritime Power (AMP, cold ironing) available for those vessels capable of using those facilities. Though this mitigation measure may contribute to significant emission reductions from vessel hoteling emissions in the future, currently crude oil tankers are generally not equipped to use shore-side AMP. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC does not control the type and nature of vessels offloading crude oil at the Pier 400 - Berth 408 terminal.
• Offloading boilers as mentioned above, the boilers on-board the vessel will be required to operate with the cleaner burning marine distillate fuel while operating in the coastal waters. Additionally, the facility is being designed with on-shore electric pumps that will allow the tanker to off-load its cargo with minimum power usage on the vessel’s steam-turbine driven pumps, thereby minimizing fuel burned in the boilers and emissions from vessel off-loading operations.

Increased Efficiencies at the Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC Pier 400, Berth 408 Project
Reducing the emissions from each vessel is only part of the solution. The other part is increasing the efficiency of the facility so it requires fewer vessels to deliver crude oil to Southern California. The Pier 400, Berth 408 Project facility is the “ideal” location for obtaining these vessel reducing efficiencies. Additionally, Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC has committed to project features, further enhancing the efficiencies of the Pier 400, Berth 408 Project.

• Deep water allows more cargo per vessel. The Pier 400, Berth 408 Project facility is the only in-port facility in the United States capable of accepting fully-loaded Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs). A VLCC is capable of delivering up to 2.5 million barrels of crude oil in one visit. A visit typically lasts 36 hours. Contrast that with the smaller vessels delivering crude oil to the San Pedro Bay crude oil import terminals. A Panamax-class vessel is capable of delivering 0.5 million barrels of crude oil in one visit. A Panamax visit will typically last 24 to 30 hours. As you can see, the proposed Pier 400, Berth 408 Project allows one VLCC visit to replace five Panamax visits with only a small increase in port time.
• Outer harbor location minimizes transit time. The Pier 400, Berth 408 Project facility is located at the point of land nearest to any of the breakwater openings in the Port complex. This means less transit time to the berth and decreased emissions from propulsion engines in the Port complex. Additionally, the location is farthest removed from local communities, decreasing direct impacts in proportion to this distance.
• Large diameter pipelines increase offloading rates. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC is installing 42-inch pipelines to accommodate the large volumes carried on a VLCC and to facilitate rapid unloading and departure of each vessel.
• New tankage allows large vessels to discharge entire cargo in a single visit. Today there are instances where a tanker is required to leave the existing berth and wait at anchor for additional tankage to become available. Not only is this inefficient and costly, but it results in increased in-port emissions that are not necessary at the proposed site.

These facility-based measures combine to reduce the “pounds of emissions per barrel.”

Figure 1-2 below demonstrates results of these efforts to reduce operational emissions from tanker operations. The first bar in the graph represents the projected “pounds of emissions per barrel” if the project is not constructed. The projected emissions are based on the assumption that crude oil deliveries will be made at existing facilities that incorporate none of the 21st Century features described in this section.

The second bar in the graph demonstrates the “pounds of emissions per barrel” if the Pier 400, Berth 408 Project’s facility (with its deep water and outer harbor features) were to be operated using old-school, 20th Century methods. For example, no speed reduction, no clean fuels, no shoreside pumps, etc. Finally, the third bar represents the Pier 400, Berth 408 Project as proposed. When quantified in this way, Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC has found that the Project’s emission reduction measures result in an 82 percent reduction in PM emissions in moving from the “old way” to the “new way.” Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC’s commitment to operating a 21st Century facility in the ideal port location will make this dramatic reduction a reality.

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) began rulemaking activities in March 2008 to reduce the pollutants emitted from ocean-going vessels during berthing activities. These new regulations are likely to be adopted in December 2008 and will require an 80% reduction in emissions by 2020. The port is expected to construct new facilities to provide shore power to visiting ships and thereby reduce emissions during hoteling and auxiliary operations.

Figure 1-2

Reducing Tank Farm Emissions
Reducing Tank Farm emissions is a much more straightforward exercise than the tanker emission reductions discussed earlier. The tanks of the Pier 400, Berth 408 Project will all be subject to permitting under the rules and regulations of the SCAQMD. The SCAQMD permitting requirements dictate that state-of-the-art BACT be used when constructing new tanks. Pacific L. A. Marine Terminal LLC’s planned internal floating roof tanks meet the BACT requirements and, therefore, result in the lowest possible emissions from tank farm operations.